Alice Merryweather using a fume cupboard, Gabriella Bocchetti ©University of Cambridge
Watching how lithium ions move inside a promising new battery material in real-time is an essential step to increasing battery performance and capacity.
This research, led by the University of Cambridge and published in Joule, found that lithium ions are not stored in a uniform pattern in the battery when it charges and discharges. It is essential to understand how lithium ions move and how they are stored when a battery is charging and discharging since this is what produces charge.
“This is the first time that this non-uniformity in lithium storage has been directly observed in individual particles,” said co-first author Alice Merryweather, a PhD student in the Yusuf Hamied Derpartment of Chemistry. “Real time techniques like ours are essential to capture this while the battery is cycling.”
Alice Merryweather is jointly supervised by Professor Dame Clare Grey and Dr Akshay Rao, who are both co-authors on the current paper.
When the battery is near the end of its discharge cycle, the surfaces of the active particles become saturated by lithium while their cores are lithium deficient. This results in the loss of reusable lithium and a reduced capacity.
The research, funded by the Faraday Institution, could help improve existing battery materials and could accelerate the development of next-generation batteries.
Electrical vehicles are vital in the transition to a zero-carbon economy. Most electric vehicles on the road today are powered by lithium-ion batteries, due in part to their high energy density.
However, as their use becomes more widespread, the push for longer ranges and faster charging times means that current battery materials need to be improved, and new materials need to be identified.
Some of the most promising of these materials are known as layered lithium nickel-rich oxides, which are widely used in premium electric vehicles. However, their working mechanisms, particularly lithium-ion transport under practical operating conditions, and how this is linked to their electrochemical performance, are not fully understood, so there is room for improvement.
By tracking how light interacts with active particles during battery operation under a microscope, the researchers observed distinct differences in lithium storage during the charge-discharge cycle in nickel-rich manganese cobalt oxide (NMC).
Combining the experimental observations with computer modelling, the researchers found that the non-uniformity originates from drastic changes to the rate of lithium-ion diffusion in NMC during the charge-discharge cycle. Specifically, lithium ions diffuse slowly in fully lithiated NMC particles, but the diffusion is significantly enhanced once some lithium ions are extracted from these particles.
“Our model provides insights into the range over which lithium-ion diffusion in NMC varies during the early stages of charging,” said co-first author Dr Shrinidhi Pandurangi from Cambridge’s Department of Engineering. “Our model predicted lithium distributions accurately and captured the degree of heterogeneity observed in experiments. These predictions are key to understanding other battery degradation mechanisms such as particle fracture.”
Importantly, the lithium heterogeneity seen at the end of discharge establishes one reason why nickel-rich cathode materials typically lose around ten percent of their capacity after the first charge-discharge cycle.
“This is significant, considering one industrial standard that is used to determine whether a battery should be retired or not is when it has lost 20 percent of its capacity,” said co-first author Dr Chao Xu, from ShanghaiTech University, who completed the research while based at Cambridge.
The researchers are now seeking new approaches to increase the practical energy density and lifetime of these promising battery materials.
The research was supported in part by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI).